diploma-1.2.13/0000700000000000000000000000000013052673537010112 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/0000700000000000000000000000000011645051061011743 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/dat/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012511 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/dat/salt.dat0000600000000000000000000011146007036505020014153 0ustar 179 163 170 165 154 149 165 169 141 143 169 160 139 160 170 141 158 173 140 153 174 172 166 166 148 156 141 134 117 151 137 129 126 110 121 128 114 94 96 86 92 85 79 70 68 67 51 56 62 67 66 54 50 69 52 57 58 62 65 55 62 61 57 64 76 62 57 78 72 70 59 62 64 59 67 86 67 50 71 66 67 60 75 59 65 69 79 69 58 81 73 59 75 75 71 64 65 86 70 55 79 79 67 70 74 74 66 60 70 64 65 60 90 64 82 59 80 79 76 75 75 61 87 72 63 76 77 63 77 80 74 80 67 55 57 85 74 61 72 83 68 67 69 82 87 67 66 61 73 60 66 72 65 80 74 47 61 43 65 58 76 56 44 55 75 51 49 50 59 45 56 47 49 52 49 48 54 56 46 44 44 45 53 50 48 57 53 53 58 55 50 49 66 53 45 63 58 58 57 49 52 52 55 51 62 55 56 54 65 74 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43 41 53 37 41 47 39 46 39 44 40 36 42 50 49 39 47 44 45 48 49 44 50 46 43 50 45 43 50 43 43 48 36 45 38 40 49 31 46 52 51 43 42 46 44 49 40 48 29 48 53 38 42 44 31 37 49 46 48 46 47 39 42 45 40 44 53 56 57 41 31 52 45 45 39 32 48 45 42 51 38 47 39 47 35 44 43 37 47 55 50 41 52 33 53 44 35 36 48 52 36 31 44 38 37 42 39 38 47 45 40 51 39 60 45 30 48 42 50 49 46 36 44 35 42 40 41 39 50 44 42 38 55 50 40 47 42 44 44 48 37 39 diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012530 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/XRD.eps0000600000000000000000000000740607036505020013707 0ustar %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%BoundingBox: 136 255 439 390 % % XRD.eps % % Example 1 of the Debian package diploma % % Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen % % See the file copyright for details. % This is a schematic drawing of a XRD apparatus. The first line of this % file indicates the file format. The second line gives the % bounding box of the drawing. The bounding box is a rectangle which % encloses the drawing. The first two numbers are the x and y coordinate % of the lower left corner and the second two numbers of the upper % right corner. You can check this easily by displaying this file % with the gv program. The coordinates indicated by gv are just the same. % Ghostscript measures in typographic points. 1 pt = 25.4/72 mm % If you want to measure in mm, you can scale the drawing. % 72 and 25.4 are put on the stack and divided. The result is duplicated, % because we want the same scale factor in x and y direction. 72 25.4 div dup scale % We want the origin of our coordinate system in the upper center % of the sample. When we make paper prints, the origin is the % lower left corner of the sheet. To be able to see our whole % drawing, we translate 100mm up and to the right. 100 100 translate % At first we draw anode and cathode. The incident angle of the x-rays is % 30 degrees in our drawing. Thus we rotate 30 degrees clockwise through % the upper center of the sample. We do this inside of a gsave/grestore % pair to restore the previous drawing mode easily. gsave -30 rotate % Because the x-rays are taken at an angle of 6 degrees from the anode, % we translate to the center of the anode and rotate 6 degrees counter % clockwise. -50 0 translate 6 rotate % Now we draw the anode. First, we set the linewidth to 0.4 mm. 0.4 setlinewidth % Then we start a new drawing path. newpath % We move the current point to x = -8 mm and y = 0 mm. -8 0 moveto % We draw a line to x = -8 mm and y = 6 mm. -8 6 lineto -6 6 lineto -6 2 lineto 6 2 lineto 6 6 lineto 8 6 lineto 8 0 lineto % We close the drawing path. closepath % The we do really draw on the sheet. stroke % The cathode is similar. The arcto command takes 5 arguments. % x1 y1 x2 y2 r arcto % It draws a straight line and then an arc from the current point. % The end of the arc touches the line between the points x1 y1 and x2 y2. % The radius of the arc is r. newpath -2 -10 moveto -2 -2 2 -2 2 arcto 2 -2 2 -10 2 arcto 2 -10 lineto stroke grestore % 30 degrees cclockwise rotation of the detector. gsave 30 rotate 50 0 translate % We draw the detector. 0.4 setlinewidth newpath 0 -3 moveto 0 3 lineto 10 3 lineto 10 -3 lineto closepath stroke grestore % We draw the rays from the center of the anode to the sample. 0.2 setlinewidth newpath 5 0 moveto 30 cos -50 mul 30 sin 50 mul lineto -5 0 lineto stroke % 30 cos -50 mul means -50*cos(30) % Rays from sample to detector follow. 0.2 setlinewidth newpath 5 0 moveto 30 cos 50 mul 30 sin 50 mul lineto -5 0 lineto stroke % Then we draw the sample. 0.4 setlinewidth newpath -7 0 moveto 7 0 lineto 7 -2 lineto -7 -2 lineto closepath stroke % We activate a 5mm high text font. /Helvetica findfont 5 scalefont setfont 0.2 setlinewidth % We draw a line from the anode to the beginning of the word anode. newpath -45 27 moveto -38 34 lineto stroke % Then we move to a position 1 mm to the right and 1 down and draw % the word anode. -37 33 moveto (anode) show % The words cathode, sample, and detector follow. newpath -45 17 moveto -40 7 lineto stroke -39 6 moveto (cathode) show newpath 2 -1 moveto 5 -7 lineto stroke 6 -8 moveto (sample) show newpath 46 27 moveto 37 32 lineto stroke 18 31 moveto (detector) show % The showpage command is necessary to get the file printed on a printer. showpage diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/parameters.c0000600000000000000000000000206507036505020015044 0ustar /* * parameters.c * * Example 1 of the Debian package diploma * * Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen * * See the file copyright for details. * * This program creates the paramter files which are included in the * TeX-text. */ #include #include"../inc/salt.h" int main() { FILE *f; f=fopen("min2theta.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%4.0f^\\circ",min2theta); fclose(f); f=fopen("max2theta.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%5.1f^\\circ",max2theta); fclose(f); f=fopen("stepnumber.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%4d",stepnumber); fclose(f); f=fopen("stepsize.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%4.2f",(max2theta-min2theta)/stepnumber); fclose(f); f=fopen("lambdaKalpha1.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%9.7f\\,\\mathrm{nm}",lambdaKalpha1*1.0e9); fclose(f); f=fopen("lambdaKalpha2.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%9.7f\\,\\mathrm{nm}",lambdaKalpha2*1.0e9); fclose(f); f=fopen("lambdaKbeta.tex","w"); fprintf(f,"%8.6f\\,\\mathrm{nm}",lambdaKbeta*1.0e9); fclose(f); /* * return(0) tells the make command that this program was successfully * terminated. */ return(0); } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/table1.c0000600000000000000000000000430407036505020014047 0ustar /* * table1.c * * Example 1 of the Debian package diploma * * Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen * * See the file copyright for details. * * This program creates the file with the table data which is included * in the TeX text and also the resulting lattice constant in result.tex. */ #include #include /* * We include the definitions of some parameters. */ #include "../inc/salt.h" int main() { /* * These are the step numbers of the peaks in res/salt2.dat. */ int steps[17]={1105,1182,1360,1910,2176,2494,2683,2841,3446,3506, 3892,4026,4604,5055,5884,6479,6714}; /* * These are the corresponding (hkl)s. */ int h[17]={1,2,2,2,2,2,3,2,4,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,4}; int k[17]={1,0,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,2,3,2,2,1,4,3,4}; int l[17]={1,0,0,0,0,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,2,1,0,1,2}; /* * 'a' means Co-Kalpha and 'b' means Co-Kbeta line. */ char t[17]={'a','b','a','b','a','b','a','a','a','b', 'a','a','a','a','a','a','a'}; double diffangles[17],d[17]; int i; FILE *f; double pi; pi=4.0*atan(1.0); /* * We calculate the diffraction angle from the step number. */ for(i=0;i<17;i++) diffangles[i]=(max2theta-min2theta)/(stepnumber-1)*(steps[i]-1)+min2theta; /* * Then, we calculate the lattice plane spacing with the appropriate * wavelength. */ for(i=0;i<17;i++) { if(t[i]=='a') d[i]=lambdaKalpha1/2.0/sin(pi/180.0*diffangles[i]/2.0); else d[i]=lambdaKbeta/2.0/sin(pi/180.0*diffangles[i]/2.0); } /* * We calculate the lattice parameter and write the lines of the * table. */ for(i=0;i<17;i++) if(t[i]=='a') printf("%6.2f&%6.4f&(%d%d%d)&%6.4f&&&\\\\\n",diffangles[i],d[i]*1.0e9, h[i],k[i],l[i],d[i]*sqrt(h[i]*h[i]+k[i]*k[i]+l[i]*l[i])*1.0e9); else printf("%6.2f&&&&%6.4f&(%d%d%d)&%6.4f\\\\\n",diffangles[i],d[i]*1.0e9, h[i],k[i],l[i],d[i]*sqrt(h[i]*h[i]+k[i]*k[i]+l[i]*l[i])*1.0e9); /* * Now, we write res/result.tex. */ f=fopen("res/result.tex","w"); i=16; fprintf(f,"%6.4f\\pm 0.0001\\,\\mathrm{nm}", d[i]*sqrt(h[i]*h[i]+k[i]*k[i]+l[i]*l[i])*1.0e9); fclose(f); /* * return(0) tells the make command that this program was successfully * terminated. */ return(0); } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/poisson2gauss.c0000600000000000000000000000075507036505020015524 0ustar /* * poisson2gauss.c * * Example 1 of the Debian package diploma * * Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen * * See the file copyright for details. * * This program Converts poissonian distributed noise into gaussian * distributed noise. */ #include #include int main() { float w; while (scanf("%f",&w) != EOF) printf("%f\n",2.0*sqrt(w+0.25109)); /* * return(0) tells the make command that this program was successfully * terminated. */ return 0; } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/src/addx.c0000600000000000000000000000114407036505020013616 0ustar /* * addx.c * * Example 1 of the Debian package diploma * * Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen * * See the file copyright for details. * * This program reads 1-dimensional measurement data from stdin * and writes 2-dimensional measurement data to stdout. */ #include #include "../inc/salt.h" int main() { int i; double x,y; for(i=1;i<=stepnumber;i++) { scanf("%lf",&y); x=(max2theta-min2theta)/(stepnumber-1)*(i-1)+min2theta; printf("%f %f\n",x,y); } /* * return(0) tells the make command that this program was successfully * terminated. */ return(0); } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/inc/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012512 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/inc/salt.h0000600000000000000000000000051407036505020013630 0ustar /* * salt.h * * Example 1 of the Debian package diploma * * Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen * * See the file copyright for details. */ #define min2theta 10.0 #define max2theta 160.7 #define stepnumber 7536 #define lambdaKalpha1 0.1788965e-9 #define lambdaKalpha2 0.1792850e-9 #define lambdaKbeta 0.162079e-9 diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/diploma_1.tex0000600000000000000000000001673511502232256014347 0ustar % % diploma_1.tex % % Example 1 of the Debian package diploma % % Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen % % See the file copyright for details. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} \begin{document} \title{A look into the atomic structure of table salt} \author{Andreas Franzen} \maketitle \section{Introduction} From the chemistry lessons at school you may know that the salt which you can find in a kitchen consists of crystals of sodium chloride or NaCl. In these crystals the atoms of sodium and chlorine are arranged in a regular pattern. You may think of the crystal as a stack of cubes where there is a sodium atom at each corner of a cube and also in the center of each surface. Thus, each cube contains 1/8 sodium atom at each of its 8 corners and 1/2 sodium atom at each of its 6 surface squares. That is 4 sodium atoms per unit cell. There are as many chlorine atoms in the crystal. These are located in the middle of each edge of the cube and in the center of the cube. Each cube contains 1/4 chlorine atom at each of its 12 edges and the chlorine atom in its center. This is also a total of 4 chlorine atoms per unit cell. This structure is called face-centered-cubic. What your teacher didn't tell you is how one can verify this. This paper describes a simple way to scan the atomic structure of table salt. The method is called x-ray diffraction or XRD. When an x-ray interacts with the atoms of a crystal it is reflected by lattice planes. A lattice plane is a plane through the crystal which contains many atoms. The possible diffraction angle $2\Theta$ depends on the wavelength $\lambda$ of the radiation and the distance $d$ between the parallel lattice planes. The equation is quite simple. \begin{equation} 2d\sin\Theta=n\lambda \end{equation} $n$ is a positive integer. We assume first order diffraction. That means $n$ is 1. For a structure with cubic symmetry it is easy to calculate the possible distances $d$ \begin{equation} d=\frac{a}{\sqrt{h^2+k^2+l^2}} \end{equation} from the lattice parameter $a$. $a$ is the height of the unit cell. $h$, $k$, and $l$ are small integers. For a face-centered-cubic structure there is an additional requirement. All of the three integers must be odd or all of them must be even. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=80mm]{src/XRD.eps} \caption{\label{FigXRD} The XRD apparatus.} \end{center} \end{figure} \section{Experimental arrangement} An XRD apparatus in its basic form is quite simple. \textbf{Figure~\ref{FigXRD}} shows a schematic drawing. The x-ray tube on the left consist of the water cooled anode and the electrically heated tungsten cathode. The electric potential of the cathode is $-40\,\mathrm{kV}$ with respect to the anode which is at ambient potential. Between cathode and anode is high vacuum. Thus, electrons can travel from the heated cathode to the anode. The heating of the cathode is adjusted so that the anode current is 40\,mA. The target area of the anode is made of pure cobalt. It is 1\,mm wide and 10\,mm long. From the sample, this area looks like a rectangle of 0.1\,mm width and 10\,mm length. Half way from the anode to the sample there is a 1\,mm wide and 10\,mm long slit made of lead. The beam is diffracted in the sample and passes a similar slit half way between sample and detector. At the entry of the detector there is a 0.2\,mm wide slit. The radiation of a cobalt anode exited with 40\,keV electrons consists mainly of the Co-K$\alpha_1$ line with a wavelength of $\input{lambdaKalpha1}$ and the Co-K$\alpha_2$ line with a wavelength of $\input{lambdaKalpha2}$ and half of the intensity of the Co-K$\alpha_1$ line. An iron foil between the two lead slits on the detector side reduces the intensity of the weaker Co-K$\beta_{1,3}$ line at $\input{lambdaKbeta}$ relative to the Co-K$\alpha$ lines. There is also continuous background radiation. \cite{Lid95} \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig/salt.eps} \caption{\label{FigSalt}Raw diffraction pattern of sodium chloride.} \end{center} \end{figure} \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig/salt2.eps} \caption{\label{FigSalt2}Processed diffraction pattern of sodium chloride.} \end{center} \end{figure} \section{Measurement} The position of the sample and the detector are adjusted so that the intensity of the diffracted radiation can be measured at different diffraction angles. The measurement consisted of $\input{stepnumber}$ single measurements with a step size of $\input{stepsize}$ and a measurement time of 1\,s at each step. The diffraction angle was varied from $\input{min2theta}$ to $\input{max2theta}$. The measured value is the number of counts at each step. The sample material was ordinary table salt obtained from a supermarket. \textbf{Figure~\ref{FigSalt}} shows the result. \begin{table} \begin{center} \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2} \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \cline{2-7} \multicolumn{1}{c|}{} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Co-K$\alpha_1$} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Co-K$\beta_{1,3}$}\\ \hline $2\Theta[^\circ]$&$d[\mathrm{nm}]$&$(hkl)$&$a[\mathrm{nm}]$& $d[\mathrm{nm}]$&$(hkl)$&$a[\mathrm{nm}]$\\\hline \input{res/table1}\hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{\label{tableoflines}Observed diffraction angle $2\Theta$ of each line and the corresponding lattice spacing $d$. Each line is characterized by three small integers $(hkl)$ which are used to calculate the lattice parameter $a$.} \end{table} \section{Processing of the measurement data} We are interested in the positions of the peaks in the diffraction pattern. We can find these much better when we denoise the measurement data. Also, we transform the step number $i$ into the diffraction angle $2\Theta$. \begin{equation} 2\Theta=\frac{\input{max2theta}-\input{min2theta}}{\input{stepnumber}-1} \cdot(i-1)+\input{min2theta} \end{equation} To denoise the pattern, the Poisson distributed noise of the raw counts per step $x_i$ is approximately transformed into Gaussian distributed white noise $y_i$. \begin{equation} y_i=2\sqrt{x_i+0.25109} \end{equation} The resulting diffraction pattern is shown in the first and second part of \textbf{figure~\ref{FigSalt2}}. Then it is denoised with a wavelet denoising method. This is done with the program \texttt{wzip} which is contained in the package \texttt{wzip} in the section \texttt{math} of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. Hard denoising is used with a scale factor of 4. The third part of figure~\ref{FigSalt2} shows the result. There are 17 peaks visible in figure~\ref{FigSalt2}. Their diffraction angles are shown in \textbf{table~\ref{tableoflines}}. The corresponding lattice spacings $d$ have been calculated with the wavelength of the Co-K$\alpha_1$ line or the Co-K$\beta_{1,3}$ line. All peaks could be successfully indexed with $(hkl)$s. From $d$ and $(hkl)$ the lattice parameter $a$ can be calculated. All 17 measurements of $a$ are in good agreement with each other. Both the geometric accuracy and the resolution of the experimental arrangement rise with the diffraction angle. Thus, the result of our measurement of the lattice parameter of sodium chloride is \begin{equation} a_{\mathrm{NaCl}}=\input{res/result}\quad. \end{equation} \section{Acknowledgement} Many thanks to the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy and Foundry Technology of the Technical University of Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany for the permission to use the XRD facility. \begin{thebibliography}{Mmm00} \bibitem[Lid95]{Lid95} Lide, D.R.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton 1995 \end{thebibliography} \end{document} diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/fig/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012506 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/res/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012532 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/bin/0000700000000000000000000000000007036505020012511 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_1/Makefile0000600000000000000000000000762711645051050013417 0ustar # # Makefile # # Example 1 of the Debian package diploma # # Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen # # See the file copyright for details. # # The final target is diploma_1.pdf. diploma_1.pdf : diploma_1.ps ps2pdf diploma_1.ps # The next target is diploma_1.ps. This depends on the # document in dvi-format and the figures. diploma_1.ps : diploma_1.dvi src/XRD.eps fig/salt.eps fig/salt2.eps dvips -o diploma_1.ps diploma_1 # These are numeric parameters which are included in the text. parameters = min2theta.tex max2theta.tex stepnumber.tex stepsize.tex \ lambdaKalpha1.tex lambdaKalpha2.tex lambdaKbeta.tex # The dvi-file is generated by latex from the tex-source. The bounding boxes # of the included figures are needed and also the data of the table. diploma_1.dvi : diploma_1.tex src/XRD.eps fig/salt.eps fig/salt2.eps \ res/table1.tex res/result.tex $(parameters) latex diploma_1 ; latex diploma_1 ; latex diploma_1 # The program poisson2gauss converts Poisson distributed noise to # Gaussian distributed noise. bin/poisson2gauss : src/poisson2gauss.c cc -Wall -o bin/poisson2gauss src/poisson2gauss.c -lm # res/salt1.dat is the original data set converted to Gaussian distributed # noise and fitted with 2*Theta values to create an xy-data set. res/salt1.dat : bin/poisson2gauss bin/addx dat/salt.dat bin/poisson2gauss < dat/salt.dat | bin/addx > res/salt1.dat # res/salt2.dat is created like res/salt1.dat with an additional denoising # stage after the conversion from Poisson distributed noise to Gaussian # distributed noise. res/salt2.dat : bin/poisson2gauss bin/addx dat/salt.dat bin/poisson2gauss < dat/salt.dat | wzip -hdn 7536 4 | \ bin/addx > res/salt2.dat # The program addx is used to fit the measurement data with 2*Theta values. # It is compiled with cc and depends on its source code src/addx.c and # an included header file inc/salt.h. bin/addx : src/addx.c inc/salt.h cc -Wall -o bin/addx src/addx.c # The figure fig/salt.eps is a simple plot of the original measurement data. # It depends only on the measurement data set dat/salt.dat and is created # by use of the program graph from the Debian package plotutils. # The output of graph is piped through the stream editor "sed" to change # every occurence of "setlinejoin" to "pop 1 setlinejoin". Same with # "setlinecap". In the standard mode corners of the graph are ploted with # sharp edges. With a large number of noisy measurement data, this tends # to visually increase the amplitude of the noise. Mode 1 means rounded # line joins and line caps. fig/salt.eps : dat/salt.dat graph -T ps -f 0.06 -h 0.4 -a -X "step number" -Y "counts per step" \ dat/salt.dat | sed -e \ "s/setlinejoin/pop 1 setlinejoin/g;s/setlinecap/pop 1 setlinecap/g" \ > fig/salt.eps # fig/salt2.eps shows the processed data sets res/salt1.dat and res/salt2.dat. fig/salt2.eps : res/salt1.dat res/salt2.dat graph -T ps -f 0.08 -h 0.2 -w 0.6 -u 0.6 \ --blankout 1.0 \ -y 0 150 50 res/salt1.dat \ --reposition 0 -0.26 1.0 \ -y 0 25 5 -Y "transformed counts per step" res/salt1.dat \ --reposition 0 -0.52 1.0 \ -X "diffraction angle 2\*H in \de" -Y "" res/salt2.dat \ | sed -e \ "s/setlinejoin/pop 1 setlinejoin/g;s/setlinecap/pop 1 setlinecap/g" \ > fig/salt2.eps # The first call of the stream editor sed converts any . into a ,. The # second replaces any space by an invisible 0. res/table1.tex : res/table1.dat sed y/./,/ < res/table1.dat | sed s/' '/'\\phantom{0}'/g \ > res/table1.tex res/table1.dat res/result.tex : bin/table1 bin/table1 > res/table1.dat bin/table1 : src/table1.c inc/salt.h cc -Wall -o bin/table1 src/table1.c -lm # The program parameters.c creates files which contain the numerical # parameters in the text. bin/parameters : inc/salt.h src/parameters.c cc -Wall -o bin/parameters src/parameters.c $(parameters) : bin/parameters bin/parameters diploma-1.2.13/contents0000600000000000000000000000137311645066111011666 0ustar Examples in the Debian GNU/Linux package diploma. diploma_1 - processing of measurement data - plotting with plotutils - writing simple graphics in ghostscript - inserting calculated data in LaTeX documents - needs the Debian packages texlive-latex-base, ghostscript, gv, c-compiler, plotutils and wzip diploma_2 - preprocessing of measurement data - plotting with error-bars - inserting simple graphics and text into plots - needs the Debian packages ghostscript, gv, c-compiler and plotutils diploma_3 - graphical programming in C by using ghostscript statements - including a scaled and rotated part of a gray-scale raster image - needs the Debian packages ghostscript and imagemagick - 'display galaxy.eps' or 'ghostscript galaxy.eps' show the result. diploma-1.2.13/diploma_3/0000700000000000000000000000000011645065065011756 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_3/logo-50.jpg0000600000000000000000000000762207065265672013662 0ustar JFIFHHPhotoshop 3.08BIMxHH(FG(HH(d'`8BIMHH8BIM x8BIM8BIM 8BIM' 8BIMH/fflff/ff2Z5-8BIMp8BIM@@8BIM8BIM 2=$8JFIFHHAdobed            =2"?   3!1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdE£t6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw5!1AQaq"2B#R3$brCScs4%&5DTdEU6teuFVfv'7GWgw ?U}eX9aƌ4᧺/Y]ӾÊVnQ-=A-u}oY_UmYfZCم?@:\-͟E,]r羧&ӹh'm};bbM7-E<{obbS^=S>M ld|-8|C2/63Vbw:Oxi|ڝO/={ sC2?AU;^e2޾c9ͥ~%pX`0s>Ȓ$\=з߬]oϼ`q/Kg1}ץ.'[m7/kdq6Oqv|Ƕ4(CM ld|-8|C2/63Vbw:Oxi|ڝO/={ sC2?AU;^e2޾c9ͥ~%pX`0s>Ȓ$\=з߬]oϼ`q/Kg1}ץ.'[m7/kdq6Oqv|Ƕ4(C #include #include int main() { FILE *f; /* The unit of length is 25.4/72 mm. */ double x0,y0; /* Coordinates of the lower-left corner of logo-50.eps */ double x1,y1; /* Coordinates of the upper-right corner of logo-50.eps */ double w,h; /* Width and Heigth of logo-50.eps */ /* Coordinates of the lower-left corner of galaxy.eps */ double x0f = 100.0; double y0f = 100.0; /* Coordinates of the upper-right corner of galaxy.eps */ double x1f = 400.0; double y1f = 400.0; /* Coordinates of the lower-left corner of the first inclusion of logo-50.eps. */ double x0a = 100.0; double y0a = 160.0; /* Coordinates of the upper-right corner of the first inclusion of logo-50.eps. x1a will be computed from the aspect ratio of logo-50.eps. */ double x1a; double y1a = 400.0; /* Coordinates of the lower-left corner of the second inclusion of logo-50.eps. */ double x0b = 150.0; double y0b = 100.0; /* Coordinates of the upper-right corner of the second inclusion of logo-50.eps. */ double x1b = 400.0; double y1b = 240.0; /* Coordinates of the lower-left corner of the second inclusion of logo-50.eps inside of the original image. These are in relative to the original image. Thus, the lower-left corner of the original image would be (0.0,0.0) and the upper-right corner (1.0,1.0).*/ double xc = 0.59; double yc = 0.39; /* This is the scale factor of the second inclusion relative to the first inclusion. */ double sf = 5.0; /* This is the anti-clockwise rotation angle of the second inclusion. */ double ra = -30.0; /* The same in radian. */ double rar = ra*atan(1)/45.0; /* These are the coordinates of the corners of the magnified area. */ double xm0,ym0,xm1,ym1,xm2,ym2,xm3,ym3; /* At first, we need to know the coordinates of the lower-left und upper-right corner of the bounding box of logo-50.eps. */ system("grep %%BoundingBox logo-50.eps > logo-50.eps.BoundingBox"); f = fopen("logo-50.eps.BoundingBox","r"); fscanf(f,"%%%%BoundingBox:%lf%lf%lf%lf",&x0,&y0,&x1,&y1); fclose(f); /* Now, we can compute the width and heigth of logo-50.eps. */ w = x1-x0; h = y1-y0; /* The x-coordinate of the upper-right corner of the first inclusion is determined. */ x1a = x0a+(y1a-y0a)/h*w; /* Now, we start to write the image. */ f = fopen("galaxy.eps","w"); /* The first line indicates that its an eps-file. */ fprintf(f,"%%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0\n"); /* The bounding box of the new image is slightly larger then the nominal drawing area because of the linethickness of the frames. */ fprintf(f,"%%%%BoundingBox: %f %f %f %f\n",x0f-2,y0f-2,x1f+2,y1f+2); /* We want to be able to just send galaxy.eps to a printer, so we save the current state of the virtual memory and redefine "showpage" to an empty procedure to disable any "showpage"-commands in the included eps-files. */ fprintf(f,"save /showpage {} def\n"); /* Now, we include logo-50.eps the first time. We save the state. */ fprintf(f,"save\n"); /* The image is translated. */ fprintf(f,"%f %f translate\n",x0a,y0a); /* The image is scaled. */ fprintf(f,"%f dup scale\n",(y1a-y0a)/(y1-y0)); /* In case, the lower left corner of logo-50.eps in not at (0.0,0.0), it is now. */ fprintf(f,"%f %f translate\n",-x0,-y0); fclose(f); /* We mask the BoundingBox lines of the inserted image. */ system( "sed -e's/BoundingBox/MaskedBoundingBox/' logo-50.eps.temp"); system("cat galaxy.eps logo-50.eps.temp > galaxy.eps.temp"); system("mv galaxy.eps.temp galaxy.eps"); f = fopen("galaxy.eps","a"); /* We restore the state. */ fprintf(f,"restore\n"); /* Now, we draw a frame with a line width of 2 points around the included image. */ /* The graphics state is saved. */ fprintf(f,"gsave\n"); /* The linewidth is set to 2 points. */ fprintf(f,"2 setlinewidth\n"); /* We define the path of the frame. */ fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x0a,y0a); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1a,y0a); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1a,y1a); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto closepath\n",x0a,y1a); /* This draws the box. */ fprintf(f,"stroke\n"); /* Finally, the graphics state is restored. */ fprintf(f,"grestore\n"); /* Now, we draw a frame with a line width of 2 points around the area which is selected for magnification. */ /* The position of the corners are computed. */ xm0 = xc*(x1a-x0a)+x0a; ym0 = yc*(y1a-y0a)+y0a; xm1 = xm0+cos(rar)*(x1b-x0b)/sf; ym1 = ym0-sin(rar)*(x1b-x0b)/sf; xm3 = xm0+sin(rar)*(y1b-y0b)/sf; ym3 = ym0+cos(rar)*(y1b-y0b)/sf; xm2 = xm3-xm0+xm1; ym2 = ym3-ym0+ym1; /* The graphics state is saved. */ fprintf(f,"gsave\n"); /* The linewidth is set to 2 points. */ fprintf(f,"2 setlinewidth\n"); /* We define the path of the frame in the coordinates of the final image. */ fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",xm0,ym0); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",xm1,ym1); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",xm2,ym2); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto closepath\n",xm3,ym3); /* This draws the box. */ fprintf(f,"stroke\n"); /* These means rounded linecaps. */ fprintf(f,"2 setlinecap\n"); /* Four additional lines are drawn to connect the related corners. */ fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x0b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto stroke\n",xm0,ym0); fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x1b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto stroke\n",xm1,ym1); fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x1b,y1b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto stroke\n",xm2,ym2); fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x0b,y1b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto stroke\n",xm3,ym3); /* Finally, the graphics state is restored. */ fprintf(f,"grestore\n"); /* Now, we include logo-50.eps the second time. We save the state. */ fprintf(f,"save\n"); /* Now, we draw a rectangle and reduce the drawing area to this rectangle. */ /* We define the path of the frame. */ fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x0b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1b,y1b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto closepath\n",x0b,y1b); /* This command reduces the drawing area to the area of the box. */ fprintf(f,"clip\n"); /* The image is translated. */ fprintf(f,"%f %f translate\n",x0b,y0b); /* The image is rotated. */ fprintf(f,"%f rotate\n",ra); /* The image is scaled. */ fprintf(f,"%f dup scale\n",(y1a-y0a)/(y1-y0)*sf); /* The image is translated so that the lower-left point of the second inclusion gets into the origin. Thats necessary, because we want to rotate through this point. */ fprintf(f,"%f %f translate\n",-xc*w,-yc*h); /* In case, the lower left corner of logo-50.eps in not at (0.0,0.0), it is now. */ fprintf(f,"%f %f translate\n",-x0,-y0); fclose(f); system("cat galaxy.eps logo-50.eps.temp > galaxy.eps.temp"); system("mv galaxy.eps.temp galaxy.eps"); f = fopen("galaxy.eps","a"); /* We restore the state. */ fprintf(f,"restore\n"); /* Now, we draw a frame with a line width of 2 points around the included image. */ /* The graphics state is saved. */ fprintf(f,"gsave\n"); /* The linewidth is set to 2 points. */ fprintf(f,"2 setlinewidth\n"); /* We define the path of the frame. */ fprintf(f,"newpath %f %f moveto\n",x0b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1b,y0b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto\n",x1b,y1b); fprintf(f,"%f %f lineto closepath\n",x0b,y1b); /* This draws the box. */ fprintf(f,"stroke\n"); /* Finally, the graphics state is restored. */ fprintf(f,"grestore\n"); /* We restore the state of the virtual memory. "showpage" does work again. */ fprintf(f,"restore showpage\n"); fclose(f); return 0; /* This is necessary to report success to "make"! */ } diploma-1.2.13/debian/0000700000000000000000000000000013052673537011334 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/debian/compat0000600000000000000000000000000211502230612012511 0ustar 7 diploma-1.2.13/debian/postinst0000600000000000000000000000031111575745270013141 0ustar #!/bin/sh set -e if [ "$1" = "configure" ]; then if [ -d /usr/doc -a -h /usr/doc/diploma -a -d /usr/share/doc/diploma ]; then rm -f /usr/doc/diploma fi fi #DEBHELPER# diploma-1.2.13/debian/copyright0000600000000000000000000000071110412310064013244 0ustar This package was debianized by Andreas Franzen on Fri, 01 Jan 1999 23:49:56 +0100. 'diploma' is written for inclusion into the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. This software is copyright (C) 1999 by Andreas Franzen You are free to distribute this software under the terms of the GNU General Public License. On Debian systems, the complete text of the GNU General Public License can be found in the file /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL'. diploma-1.2.13/debian/README.debian0000600000000000000000000000164711645050516013437 0ustar diploma for DEBIAN ------------------ The package diploma is a collection of examples for the writing of publication quality scientific papers. To process an example, you should extract the corresponding archive file somewhere in your home directory. tar -xvzf /usr/share/doc/diploma/examples/diploma_1.tar.gz Then change into the top level directory of the extracted source. cd diploma_1 See the file /usr/share/doc/diploma/contents for a list of the special packages needed by each example. You must install these packages also to process the example. Then you just need to start "make" make to get a print file diploma_1.ps which can be previewed with gv or ghostview and a file diploma_1.pdf. diploma is originally written for inclusion into the Debian GNU/Linux system. Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen See the file copyright for details. Andreas Franzen , Tue, 11 Jan 2000 02:42:18 +0100 diploma-1.2.13/debian/rules0000755000000000000000000000307113001450720012404 0ustar #!/usr/bin/make -f # debian/rules of the Debian package "diploma" # Sample debian/rules that uses debhelper. GNU copyright 1997 by Joey Hess. # This version is for packages that are architecture independent. # Uncomment this to turn on verbose mode. #export DH_VERBOSE=1 build: build-arch build-indep build-arch: build-stamp build-indep: build-stamp build-stamp: dh_testdir # Add here commands to compile the package. GZIP="-n" $(MAKE) touch build-stamp clean: dh_testdir dh_testroot rm -f build-stamp install-stamp # Add here commands to clean up after the build process. #-$(MAKE) clean $(MAKE) distclean dh_clean install: install-stamp install-stamp: build-stamp dh_testdir dh_testroot dh_prep dh_installdirs -rm -r debian/tmp/usr/doc -rm -r debian/tmp/usr/man # Add here commands to install the package into debian/tmp. #$(MAKE) prefix=`pwd`/debian/tmp/usr install touch install-stamp # Build architecture-independent files here. binary-indep: build install # dh_testversion dh_testdir dh_testroot dh_installdocs contents dh_installexamples diploma*.tar.gz dh_installmenu # dh_installemacsen # dh_installinit dh_installcron # dh_installmanpages # dh_undocumented dh_installchangelogs dh_compress dh_fixperms dh_installdeb dh_gencontrol dh_md5sums dh_builddeb # Build architecture-dependent files here. binary-arch: build install # We have nothing to do by default. source diff: @echo >&2 'source and diff are obsolete - use dpkg-source -b'; false binary: binary-indep binary-arch .PHONY: build clean binary-indep binary-arch binary install diploma-1.2.13/debian/changelog0000600000000000000000000001055513052672102013201 0ustar diploma (1.2.13) unstable; urgency=medium * Fix "please make the build reproducible" using patch provided by Author: Reiner Herrmann Description: Create reproducible tarballs - sort archive members (needs tar 1.28) - use uid/gid 0 - normalize permissions for umask variances (Closes: #854146) -- Andreas Franzen Mon, 20 Feb 2017 23:46:58 +0100 diploma (1.2.12) unstable; urgency=medium * Updated to standard 3.9.6. * Fix "please make the build reproducible". In the rule for the target build-stamp in debian/rules $(MAKE) is preceded by GZIP="-n" so that gzip when invoced by tar does not write a timestamp into the compressed file. (Closes: #776956) -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 18 Oct 2016 18:37:35 +0200 diploma (1.2.11) unstable; urgency=low * added targets build-arch and build-indep to debian/rules * removed obsolete package tetex from Suggests: * added texlive-latex-base and gv to the file contents * changes in galaxy.c of diploma_3 to address compatibility with convert -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 11 Oct 2011 14:36:11 +0200 diploma (1.2.10) unstable; urgency=low * Updated to policy standard 3.9.2 * Added Depends: ${shlibs:Depends} to debian/control * Changed dh_clean -k into dh_prep in debian/rules * updated Build-Depends: debhelper (>> 7.0.0) in debian/control * added set -e to debian/postinst -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 14 Jun 2011 22:03:29 +0200 diploma (1.2.9) unstable; urgency=low * Updated to policy standard 3.8.0 -- Andreas Franzen Wed, 15 Dec 2010 22:14:52 +0100 diploma (1.2.8) unstable; urgency=low * Added a statement to set the text rotation to 0 in diploma_2/prog2.c. -- Andreas Franzen Thu, 13 Dec 2007 00:38:50 +0100 diploma (1.2.7) unstable; urgency=low * Changed Build-Depends-Indep into Build-Depends. * Include texlive as alternative to tetex and change depends to suggests (Closes: #427553). -- Andreas Franzen Wed, 12 Dec 2007 20:01:48 +0100 diploma (1.2.6) unstable; urgency=low * Non-maintainer upload. * Get rid of the /usr/doc link in postinst (Closes: #359392). -- Amaya Rodrigo Sastre Thu, 13 Jul 2006 20:58:45 +0200 diploma (1.2.5) unstable; urgency=low * Updated to policy standard 3.6.1.1 * Changed the copyright-file to reference common-licenses * Removed add-log-mailing-address in the changelog-file * Removed dh_suidregister in the rules-file * Changed 'made from' into 'made of' in example 1 -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 28 Mar 2006 21:30:20 +0200 diploma (1.2.4) unstable; urgency=low * Updated to policy standards 3.5.9 * Changed Build-Depends in the control file into Build-Depends-Indep. -- Andreas Franzen Mon, 31 Mar 2003 21:11:24 +0200 diploma (1.2.3) unstable; urgency=low * The packages needed to compile the first three examples are now in the Depends: field instead of Recommends:. -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 28 Aug 2001 21:51:56 +0200 diploma (1.2.2) testing unstable; urgency=low * Added "Build-Depends: debhelper" to debian/control. -- Andreas Franzen Sat, 18 Aug 2001 09:18:28 +0200 diploma (1.2.1) testing unstable; urgency=low * Changed the short description in debian/control. * Added imagemagick to the "Depends:" field. -- Andreas Franzen Sat, 18 Aug 2001 08:46:49 +0200 diploma (1.2.0) unstable; urgency=low * Added example 3. * Changed section entry from doc to science. -- Andreas Franzen Mon, 20 Mar 2000 01:09:21 +0100 diploma (1.1.1) unstable; urgency=low * Changed to policy 3.1.1.1. -- Andreas Franzen Tue, 11 Jan 2000 02:42:18 +0100 diploma (1.1.0) unstable; urgency=low * Added example 2. -- Andreas Franzen Sun, 10 Oct 1999 15:31:52 +0200 diploma (1.0.1) unstable; urgency=low * Changed the short description in debian/control. * Changed the generation of graphs to rounded line caps and line joins. * The additionally needed packages are listed in contents. -- Andreas Franzen Sat, 4 Sep 1999 12:50:26 +0200 diploma (1.0.0) unstable; urgency=low * Initial Release. -- Andreas Franzen Sun, 10 Jan 1999 01:00:56 +0100 diploma-1.2.13/debian/control0000600000000000000000000000152013001454414012720 0ustar Source: diploma Section: doc Priority: optional Maintainer: Andreas Franzen Standards-Version: 3.9.6 Build-Depends: debhelper (>> 7.0.0) Package: diploma Architecture: all Depends: ${misc:Depends} Suggests: texlive-latex-base,gcc|c-compiler,plotutils,wzip,gv,imagemagick Description: Write scientific papers with Debian Debian GNU/Linux is widely used at universities to do research and to write papers with LaTeX. The package diploma contains examples which illustrate the possible ways to do this effectively with Debian GNU/Linux. Each example consists of a source tree where you can do "make" in the top level directory and then the source code is compiled, the measurement data are processed, and the results are converted into nice figures. Then the text is processed and combined with the figures to a print file. diploma-1.2.13/Makefile0000600000000000000000000000066213052670504011547 0ustar #!/usr/bin/make -f all : tar --sort=name --mode=go=rX,u+rw,a-s --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner -cvzf diploma_1.tar.gz diploma_1 tar --sort=name --mode=go=rX,u+rw,a-s --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner -cvzf diploma_2.tar.gz diploma_2 tar --sort=name --mode=go=rX,u+rw,a-s --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner -cvzf diploma_3.tar.gz diploma_3 distclean : rm -f diploma_1.tar.gz rm -f diploma_2.tar.gz rm -f diploma_3.tar.gz diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/0000700000000000000000000000000010730070547011750 5ustar diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/pic.meta0000600000000000000000000000102007036505020013360 0ustar #PLOT 2 o FHersheySans S 100 m 1020 1130 Tltyellow m 1230 1320 Tltgreen m 1640 1640 Tltblue-green m 2220 2200 Tltviolet m 2560 2520 Tltviolet m 2990 2960 Trbultra-violet # translate 1400 to the right and 2700 up \ 1 0 0 1 1400 2700 # the bulb, circle at 0,0 radius 100 c 0 0 100 # the cathode connector, line from 80,0 to 200,0 l 80 0 200 0 # the light sensitive cathode, arc from 0,-80 to 0,80, center at 0,0 a 0 0 0 -80 0 80 # the anode connectors l -200 40 -100 40 l -200 -40 -100 -40 # the anode a -100 0 -100 -40 -100 40 x diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/rawdata.dat0000600000000000000000000000025207036505020014060 0ustar 578 0.374 0.380 0.374 0.371 546 0.494 0.495 0.495 0.492 492 0.793 0.751 0.805 0.744 435 1.069 1.073 1.079 1.065 405 1.274 1.272 1.284 1.269 365.5 1.638 1.645 1.663 1.646 diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/prog2.c0000600000000000000000000000213110730070214013133 0ustar /* prog2.c */ #include #include int main() { int i; double x,y,s,s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,a,b; double sigmaa,h,sigmah,e0; FILE *f; s1=0.0; s2=0.0; s3=0.0; s4=0.0; s5=0.0; for(i=1;i<=6;i++) { scanf("%lf%lf%lf",&x,&y,&s); x=x*1.0e15; s1=s1+1.0/s/s; s2=s2+x*y/s/s; s3=s3+y/s/s; s4=s4+x/s/s; s5=s5+x*x/s/s; } a=(s1*s2-s3*s4)/(s1*s5-s4*s4); b=(s5*s3-s4*s2)/(s1*s5-s4*s4); f=fopen("a.dat","w"); fprintf(f,"%e",a); fclose(f); sigmaa=sqrt(s1/(s1*s5-s4*s4)); f=fopen("sigmaa.dat","w"); fprintf(f,"%e",sigmaa); fclose(f); e0=1.60217733e-19; h=a*e0; sigmah=sigmaa*e0; f=fopen("h.meta","w"); fprintf(f,"#PLOT 2\n"); fprintf(f,"o\n"); fprintf(f,"FHersheySans\n"); fprintf(f,"S 100\n"); fprintf(f,"m 1820 930\n"); fprintf(f,"R 0\n"); fprintf(f,"Tlb\\f2h\\f1 = (%.3f\\+-%.3f)\\md10\\sp-34\\epJs\n", h/1.0e-34,sigmah/1.0e-34); fprintf(f,"x\n"); fclose(f); printf("%e %e\n",0.5,0.5e15*a+b); printf("%e %e\n",0.85,0.85e15*a+b); return 0; /* important to report success to the make command */ } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/prog.c0000600000000000000000000000065007036505020013060 0ustar /* prog.c */ #include #include int main() { int i; double x,y,y1,y2,y3,y4,s; for(i=1;i<=6;i++) { scanf("%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf",&x,&y1,&y2,&y3,&y4); x=299792458.0/(x*1.0e-9)/1.0e15; y=(y1+y2+y3+y4)/4; s=sqrt(((y1-y)*(y1-y)+(y2-y)*(y2-y)+(y3-y)*(y3-y)+(y4-y)*(y4-y))/3); printf("%e %e %e\n",x,y,s); } return 0; /* important to report success to the make command */ } diploma-1.2.13/diploma_2/Makefile0000600000000000000000000000242607063566246013431 0ustar # # Makefile # # Example 2 of the Debian package diploma # # Copyright (C) 1999 Andreas Franzen # # See the file copyright for details. # # The final target is the print file fig.eps. # fig.eps depends on fig.meta and pic.meta. fig.meta is the diagram produced # by graph and pic.meta is a hand-made additional picture to be included. fig.eps : fig.meta pic.meta h.meta plot -T ps -s fig.meta h.meta pic.meta > fig.eps # The diagram produced by graph contains the processed measurement data in # data.dat and two points of the regression-line in regdata.dat. fig.meta : data.dat regdata.dat graph -O -F HersheySans -X "frequency \*n in 10\sp15\eps\sp-1" \ -Y "voltage \f2U\f1 in V" -S 1 -m 0 -I e data.dat \ -m 1 -I a regdata.dat > fig.meta # In the raw measurement data there are 4 individual measurements for each # wavelength. These are converted by use of prog into single values with the # corresponding statistical error. data.dat : prog rawdata.dat ./prog < rawdata.dat > data.dat # From the data points in data.dat a regression line is computed. Two points # on this line are then saved in regdata.dat. regdata.dat h.meta : prog2 data.dat ./prog2 < data.dat > regdata.dat prog : prog.c gcc -Wall -o prog prog.c -lm prog2 : prog2.c gcc -Wall -o prog2 prog2.c -lm